A Tech Engineering & Solutions-ATES, Uttara, Dhaka (2026)

11/11/2024

In the span of a year, green has woven its magic across our campus, creating a lush haven of tranquility and beauty.

11/11/2024

09/11/2024

এসটিপি মেশিন কি?

একটি STP মেশিন কি? একটি STP (নিষ্কাশন শোধনাগার) হল একটি সিস্টেম যা আবাসিক, বাণিজ্যিক এবং শিল্প উৎস থেকে বর্জ্য পানি ট্রিটমেন্ট করার জন্য ডিজাইন করা হয়েছে ৷ একটি STP এর লক্ষ্য হল ক্ষতিকারক পদার্থগুলিকে পরিবেশে ছেড়ে দেওয়ার আগে বা বিভিন্ন ব্যবহারের জন্য পুনর্ব্যবহার করার আগে নর্দমা এবং ধূসর পানি পরিষ্কার করা।

Water conservation is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today,With rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and an increasing population, the demand for clean water has skyrocketed. As a result, the treatment and recycling of wastewater have become essential.

𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝗻 𝗦𝗧𝗣 𝗠𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗲?
An STP (Sewage Treatment Plant) is a system designed to treat wastewater from residential, commercial, and industrial sources. The goal of an STP is to clean sewage and grey water to remove harmful substances before releasing it back into the environment or recycling it for various uses.

𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗸𝗮𝘀𝗼𝘂 𝗧𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆:

The Johkasou technology is an advanced packaged sewage treatment plant that treats wastewater efficiently in small spaces. One of the major advantages of this system is its compact footprint, making it ideal for urban and decentralized wastewater treatment solutions. Whether it is an STP for apartments, a micro STP for residential complexes, or a modular sewage treatment plant for industries, Johkasou offers flexibility and adaptability.

This technology not only treats sewage water but also recycles it for non-potable uses like flushing, irrigation, or even industrial processes. Grey water treatment and black water management are effectively handled by the system, ensuring a sustainable water management approach that reduces water wastage.

With rivers and water bodies increasingly polluted by untreated sewage and industrial effluents. The Pollution Control Board (PCB) and CPCB have imposed stringent regulations on wastewater treatment, demanding industries and communities to install systems that comply with prescribed BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) parameters.

𝗗𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗶 𝗔𝘅𝗶𝘀 𝘄𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝘄𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘀𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 offer an effective answer to this challenge. Their compact STP units, such as the FRP Sewage Treatment Plant and portable sewage treatment plants, meet these regulatory requirements while also promoting water recycling. This is crucial in densely populated urban areas where space is limited, but the demand for on-site wastewater treatment remains high.

𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗸𝗮𝘀𝗼𝘂 𝗧𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀:

1. 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀: Johkasou STP for apartments provides an efficient way to treat household sewage, reducing the burden on municipal treatment systems and conserving water for reuse.

2. 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀: Factories and industrial plants can use Daiki Axis STP for industries to treat and recycle wastewater, thereby reducing their environmental footprint and adhering to environmental regulations.
Labour Camps: Construction sites and temporary labour camps can benefit from STP for labour to handle sewage sustainably, ensuring hygiene and water conservation.

3. 𝗛𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘀: Compact packaged STP systems allow businesses in the hospitality sector to treat wastewater on-site, reducing their environmental impact and promoting eco-friendly operations.

4. 𝗥𝗲𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗲 𝗟𝗼𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀: In places where centralized sewage treatment infrastructure is lacking, portable STPs and modular sewage treatment plants offer a practical solution. These decentralized systems allow for the treatment of sewage without the need for large-scale infrastructure, making them ideal for rural areas or small towns.

𝗦𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝘆𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴
One of the key benefits of Daiki Axis’ STP machines is the ability to recycle treated water. Water recycling is crucial in water-scarce regions, enabling treated water to be reused for purposes such as irrigation, cooling systems, and even as processed water in industries. The inclusion of biofiltration technology in Johkasou ensures that wastewater is treated to high standards, reducing the risk of contamination.

The focus on sustainability does not stop with water recycling. Faecal Sludge Treatment Systems (FSTP) are vital in reducing the environmental burden caused by improper waste disposal. FSTP technology is gaining traction as part of a holistic approach to wastewater management, offering solutions for both black and grey water treatment.

𝗣𝗼𝗹𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗘𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴
By treating sewage before it reaches natural water bodies, Daiki Axis’ modular STP machines contribute significantly to pollution control. Rivers, once revered for their purity, are now heavily polluted due to untreated waste being dumped directly into them. Installing decentralized sewage treatment plants in industries, commercial establishments, and communities can drastically reduce the pollution load on these rivers.

Environmental engineering is crucial in designing systems that are both effective and eco-friendly. The new technology in STP developed by Daiki Axis not only meets environmental regulations but also fosters the development of a sustainable water management framework for the future.

World's Growing Need for STP Manufacturers
With the demand for water rising and pollution levels escalating, the need for STP manufacturers in India has never been more critical. Companies like Daiki Axis India are at the forefront of this sector, offering state-of-the-art STP technologies that are essential for urban planning, industrial growth, and environmental sustainability.

STP manufacturers helping to meet the demands of local industries and communities. These manufacturers provide various ready-made STP solutions, including FRP STP and underground STP systems. SBR STP and MBBR STP are examples of innovative technologies that treat wastewater more efficiently, contributing to India’s journey towards sustainability.

Educating Communities on Water Conservation
Public awareness is crucial to successful wastewater treatment and water conservation. People need to understand the importance of sewage recycling plants and how on-site sewage treatment plants can benefit their communities. Educating people on how to treat sewage and the role of STP machines in preventing water pollution is key to fostering a culture of water stewardship.

Moreover, MEP consultants and planners must advocate for the inclusion of modular STP systems in all new developments. Whether it is for residential apartments or large-scale industries, wastewater treatment is not just a regulatory requirement but a social responsibility.

𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻
The STP machine, embodied in Daiki Axis India’s Johkasou technology, represents a forward-thinking solution to India’s pressing water and wastewater management issues. By promoting water recycling, reducing pollution, and supporting decentralized treatment systems, this technology holds the key to a sustainable future.

With the increasing need for sustainable water management, wastewater treatment must become a priority for all sectors, from residential to industrial. Through public awareness, regulatory support, and technological innovation, we can tackle India’s water crisis and pave the way for a cleaner, more sustainable future.

Copyright © 2024 Daiki Axis India All rights reserved.

This post is for Knowledge base literature to spread awareness for STP in the present world.

09/11/2024

𝙐𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙜𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙 𝙁𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧 𝙊𝙥𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝘾𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙄𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣

Installing underground fiber optic cable is critical in establishing high-speed internet infrastructure. Unlike traditional copper cables, fiber optic cables require specific handling and techniques during installation.

This guide delves into the meticulous installation of underground fiber optic cable, ensuring optimal performance and longevity.

𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝗧𝗼 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗢𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗖𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲𝘀

𝟭. 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 & 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸
Before any physical work begins, it’s crucial to design the network layout. This stage involves determining where the fiber optic cable will enter the system, calculating the cable’s minimum bend radius to avoid damage, and planning the path of the cable pull.

Using the right pulling equipment is essential to manage the delicate nature of fiber cables.

𝟮. 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 & 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗶𝘁 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁

𝙏𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨 & 𝙏𝙚𝙘𝙝𝙣𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙨: The trenching process for laying underground cable involves excavating a path for the conduit to house the fiber cable. Techniques vary based on soil type [1] and the depth required, with particular attention to avoid disturbing existing underground utilities like the power cable.

𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙪𝙞𝙩 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙎𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙚𝙨: Conduits are laid to protect the fiber optic cables after trenching. Conduits must be robust enough to protect the cables from environmental factors and potential physical damage.

𝘿𝙚𝙥𝙩𝙝 & 𝙎𝙤𝙞𝙡 𝙏𝙮𝙥𝙚 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨: The depth at which the conduit is laid depends on the soil type and local regulations. Ensuring the conduit is deep enough to protect the cables from surface activities and environmental elements is crucial.

𝟯. 𝗖𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 & 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

The process of laying fiber optic cables requires meticulous handling, mainly when cables are buried underground. Care must be taken during cable pulling to avoid sharp bends that could damage the fiber, especially with loose tube cables.

Pulling tension is closely monitored using pulling tape and a pulling grip.

In some cases, plowing equipment is used for direct burial. In this most common practice, fiber optic cable can be buried directly in the ground without conduit as long as the cable’s design includes protective metallic components.

𝟰. 𝗦𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗧𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 & 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗶𝘁 𝗨𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

Once laid, fiber optic cables require splicing and termination. Fusion splicer is the most common method used for fiber splicing, ensuring precise alignment and data transmission efficiency.

The installation process also involves strategically utilizing conduits to protect the buffer tube and the cable from environmental factors. This step is crucial in maintaining the integrity of the cable placement over time.

𝟱. 𝗧𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 & 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

After the installation process, rigorous testing and verification are essential. It ensures that fiber optic cable enters the network correctly and functions optimally.

Testing checks for faults along the cable length and verifies the network’s overall performance. This final step is critical to ensure the reliability and efficiency of the network for high-speed data transmission.

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀 & 𝗦𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗙𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗢𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

Underground fiber optic installation comes with its challenges while providing numerous benefits. Addressing these is key to a successful installation.

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

1. 𝙇𝙤𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝘼𝙘𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮: Accessing the location where the fiber optic cable is to be installed can be challenging, especially in densely populated or geographically complex areas.
2. 𝙏𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝘿𝙪𝙘𝙩 𝙒𝙤𝙧𝙠: Digging trenches and installing ducts in certain terrains can be difficult. Determining the best route for the trench and the type of duct work needed is essential.
3. 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙣𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙋𝙪𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝘾𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚𝙨: The operation of pulling the cables through ducts requires precision. There’s a risk of damaging fibers if the cabling is pulled with too much force or without proper guidance.
4. 𝙎𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙎𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝘼𝙘𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨: Managing the storage and access for splice locations is often complex. Each splice point needs to be easily accessible for future maintenance or repairs.

𝗘𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘅 𝗦𝗰𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀

1. 𝙎𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙘 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙜: Before cables are pulled, thorough planning is typically required to determine the best route and methods for installation. It includes considering existing services and potential obstacles.
2. 𝘼𝙙𝙫𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙙 𝙏𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙏𝙚𝙘𝙝𝙣𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙨: Utilizing modern trenching equipment and techniques can minimize the impact on the surrounding area and expedite the process.
3. 𝘾𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙛𝙪𝙡 𝘾𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙋𝙪𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜: Using the right equipment and techniques for cable pulling ensures that the fibers are balanced. It includes monitoring pulling tension and using appropriate pulling tools.
4. 𝙀𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙎𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙣𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩: Creating well-documented and easily accessible splice locations is crucial. Ensuring adequate storage for extra cable length at these locations facilitates future access and maintenance.

𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗕𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗵 𝗥𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀

Understanding and adhering to burial depth requirements is crucial when installing underground fiber optic cables.

These requirements are influenced by various factors and are guided by established standards to ensure the cable’s longevity and functionality.

𝗙𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗕𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗵

1. 𝙏𝙮𝙥𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙐𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙜𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙 𝘾𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚: The specific fiber optic cable impacts the recommended burial depth. Some cables might require deeper burial for protection, while others are designed to withstand shallower placements.
2. 𝙋𝙪𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙀𝙦𝙪𝙞𝙥𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙐𝙨𝙚𝙙: The pulling equipment employed during cable placement can influence how deep the cable can be installed. Specific equipment allows for deeper cable installation without risking damage to the cable.
3. 𝙇𝙤𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙀𝙣𝙫𝙞𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨: The location’s environmental factors, such as soil type, the likelihood of ground disturbance, and climatic conditions, are significant determinants of the burial depth.
Proximity to Other Services: Other underground services like water, gas, or electrical lines can affect how deep the fiber cable can be safely installed.

𝙂𝙪𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙨 & 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝘽𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝘿𝙚𝙥𝙩𝙝

1. 𝙍𝙚𝙜𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙮 𝘾𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚: It’s essential to adhere to local and national regulations dictating underground cables’ minimum burial depth. These regulations are in place to protect the cable from external damage and to prevent service disruption.
2. 𝙄𝙣𝙙𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙮 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙨: Industry standards often provide guidelines on optimal burial depths for different types of fiber optic cables, ensuring they are adequately protected and have a reduced risk of damage.
3. 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙣𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙎𝙚𝙧𝙫𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝘼𝙘𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮:
The burial depth should allow easy access for future connections, maintenance, or repair services. It ensures that the installation can be completed efficiently and any future work can be conducted with minimal disruption.

𝗙𝗔𝗤

𝙃𝙤𝙬 𝙙𝙚𝙚𝙥 𝙙𝙤𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙥𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙘𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙣𝙚𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙗𝙚 𝙗𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙙?

The burial depth for fiber optic cable varies based on location and environmental factors, but it typically ranges from 18 to 36 inches. Local regulations and industry standards should always be consulted for specific depth requirements.

𝙎𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙛𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙥𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙘𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙗𝙚 𝙗𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙪𝙞𝙩?

Burying fiber optic cable in a conduit is often recommended, especially in areas prone to ground disturbance. Conduits [2] provide extra protection for the cable, reducing the risk of damage and service interruptions.

𝙃𝙤𝙬 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙙𝙤𝙚𝙨 𝙞𝙩 𝙩𝙖𝙠𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙜𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙥𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙘𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚?

The duration of installation of underground fiber optic cable depends on the project’s scale, terrain, and complexity. Small projects take a few days, while larger installations take several weeks or more.

𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗱𝘀

Understanding the intricacies of underground fiber optic cable installation is key to ensuring a successful and efficient deployment. Whether it’s determining the appropriate burial depth, deciding on the use of conduits, or estimating the time needed for installation, every aspect requires careful consideration.

If you’re considering underground fiber optic cable installation and need expert guidance, don’t hesitate to reach out for a free consultation. Our team is equipped to provide you with detailed insights and tailored solutions for your specific needs.

Contact us today to embark on a seamless installation journey with professional expertise and support.

References:

https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/learn-about-soil-types
https://www.thespruce.com/why-use-conduit-1152894
https://thenetworkinstallers.com/blog/underground-fiber-optic-cable-installation/

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09/11/2024

09/11/2024

#অপটিক্যাল_ফাইবার_যোগাযোগ_ব্যবস্থা

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অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার যোগাযোগ ব্যবস্থা
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অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার টেলিযোগাযোগ বা কম্পিউটার নেটওয়ার্কিংয়ের মাধ্যম হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে কারণ এটিকে সহজে বাকানো যায় ও সাধারণ তারের মত ব্যবহার করা যায়।যদিও অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার স্বচ্ছ কাচ বা প্লাস্টিক দিয়ে তৈরি হতে পারে তবে দূরবর্তী যোগাযোগের জন্য সবসময় কাচের অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার ব্যবহৃত হয়, কারণ এতে তড়িৎ-চুম্বকীয় বিকিরণ কম হয়। মাল্টি-মোড ও সিঙ্গল-মোড দুই ধরনের তন্তুই ব্যবহৃত হয়। তবে মাল্টি-মোড স্বল্প দূরত্বের (৫০০ মিটার) জন্য ও সিঙ্গল-মোড দীর্ঘ দূরত্বের লিঙ্ক (links) এর জন্য উপযোগী। যেহেতু সিঙ্গল-মোডে সূক্ষ্ম পরিমাপের প্রয়োজন বেশি সেহেতু সিঙ্গল-মোড ট্রান্সমিটার, রিসিভার, অ্যাম্পলিফায়ার ও অন্যান্য যন্ত্রাংশের দাম সাধারণত বেশি।

সাধারণত অবলোহিত রশ্মি অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার যোগাযোগে ব্যবহৃত হয়। তন্তুর শোষন (fiber absorption) ১৫৫০ ন্যানোমিটার আলোর জন্য সবচেয়ে কম এবং বিচ্যুতি (dispersion)১৩১০ ন্যানোমিটারে সবচেয়ে কম, ফলে এগুলোই তথ্য পরিবহনের জন্য সবচেয়ে উপযুক্ত। ৮৫০ ন্যানোমিটারে একটি লোকাল মিনিমাম পাওয়া যায়, যে তরঙ্গ দৈর্ঘ্যের জন্য কম খরচে ট্রান্সমিটার ও রিসিভার বানানো যায়। ফলে এই তরঙ্গদৈর্ঘ্য প্রায়শ স্বল্প দূরত্বের জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে। অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার সাধারণত জোড়ায় জোড়ায় ব্যবহৃত হয়, যার প্রতিটি বিপরীত দিকে তথ্য আদান-প্রদানে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

যেহেতু কাচের প্রতিসরণাঙ্ক প্রায় ১.৫, ফাইবারে আলোর গতিবেগ প্রায় ২০০,০০০ কিমি/সেকেন্ড, বা শুন্যে আলোর গতির দুই তৃতীয়াংশ।

আধুনিক কাচের অপটিক্যাল ফাইবারের বেলায় সর্বোচ্চ দূরত্ব আলোর বিচ্যুতির (dispersion) কারণে সীমাবদ্ধ। অপটিক্যাল ফাইবারের এই বিচ্যুতি (Dispersion) বিভিন্ন কারণে হতে পারে।

যোগাযোগব্যবস্থায় অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার নাকি ইলেকট্রিক্যাল (বা তামা) তার কোনটি ব্যবহার করা হবে তা কিছু বিষয়ের উপর নির্ভর করে। যেসব ক্ষেত্রে উচ্চ ব্যান্ডউইডথ দরকার বা অধিক দূরত্বে তথ্য প্রেরণ করতে হলে সাধারণত অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার পছন্দনীয়। এর প্রধান সুবিধা হচ্ছে এতে তথ্যের ক্ষতি খুব কম হয়, ফলে অধিক দূরত্বে অ্যাম্পলিফায়ার বা রিপিটার ছাড়াই ব্যবহার করা যায়। এবং এর ডাটা-পরিবহন ক্ষমতা এতই বেশি যে এই ক্ষমতা পেতে হাজার হাজার ইলেকট্রিক্যাল লিঙ্ক লাগবে কেবল একটি অপটিক্যাল ফাইবারকে প্রতিস্থাপন করতে। ফাইবার তামার তুলনায় অনেক হালকা: ৭০০ কিমি টেলিযোগাযোগ তামার কেবলের ওজন ২০ টন। এই একই কেবল যদি ফাইবার দিয়ে বানানো হয় তাহলে লাগে কেবল ৭ কেজি কাঁচ[৫]। আরও সুবিধা হচ্ছে একাধিক ফাইবার পাশাপাশি অনেক দুরত্ব অতিক্রম করলেও ক্রসটক হয় না, যা কিনা কোন কোন ইলেকট্রিক কেবলের একটি সমস্যা।

স্বল্প দূরত্বে ও অল্প ব্যান্ডউইডথের ব্যবস্থায় তড়িৎ যোগাযোগ ব্যবহৃত হয়, কারণঃ

• উপাদানের খরচ কম
• ট্রান্সমিটার ও রিসিভার এর খরচ কম
• Splicing সহজ
• তড়িৎ শক্তি ও সংকেত একই সাথে পাঠানোর ক্ষমতা

তড়িৎ যোগাযোগের এই সুবিধার কারণে সাধারণত স্বল্প দুরত্বের ব্যবস্থায় অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার ব্যবহৃত হয় না, তবে গবেষণাগারে এসব প্রযুক্তি তৈরি করা হয়েছে।

কোন কোন ক্ষেত্রে স্বল্প দূরত্বে অথবা কম ব্যান্ডউইডথরে কোন ব্যবস্থায়ও অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে, কারণঃ

• তড়িৎ-চুম্বকীয় বাধা (ইলেক্ট্রোম্যাগনেটিক ইন্টারফেরেন্স), আণবিক তেজস্ক্রিয়তা প্রতিরোধে অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার কার্যকর।
• উচ্চ বৈদ্যুতিক রোধ, যার কারণে উচ্চ ভোল্টের বৈদ্যুতিক যন্ত্রপাতির মাঝেও ব্যবহার করা যায়।
হালকা ওজন, যা বিশেষ করে আকাশযানের ক্ষেত্রে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
• কোন স্পার্ক হয় না, ফলে দাহ্য বস্তুর সাথেও ব্যবহার করা যায়।
• কোন তড়িৎ-চুম্বকীয় বিকিরন হয় না, এবং সঙ্কেত না নষ্ট করে ট্যাপ করা কঠিন, যা নিরাপত্তা ব্যবস্থায় অতি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
• তারের আকার ছোট।

" সরকারি মান " :
অনেক প্রস্তুতকারক অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার তৈরি করে থাকে। এদের ফাইবারগুলো যাতে যেকোন ব্যবস্থায় ঠিকমত কাজ করতে পারে এজন্য কিছু মান তৈরি করা হয়েছে। ইন্টারন্যাশনাল টেলিকমিউনিকেশন ইউনিয়ন ফাইবার সম্পর্কিত কতগুলো মান প্রকাশ করেছে। এদের মধ্যে উল্লেখযোগ্যঃ

✓ ITU-T G.651, "৫০/১২৫ µm মাল্টিমোড গ্রেডেড ইনডেক্স অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার কেবলের ধর্মাবলী"
✓ ITU-T G.652, "সিঙ্গেল মোড অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার কেবলের ধর্মাবলী"
বিভিন্ন সংস্থা থেকে অন্যান্য মান প্রকাশিত হয়েছে, যা ফাইবারের বিভিন্ন কর্মদক্ষতা নির্দেশ করে। কয়েকটি মান হলঃ

• ১০ গিগাবিট ইথারনেট
• FDDI
• ফাইবার চ্যানেল
• গিগাবিট ইথারনেট
• HIPPI
• SDH
• SONET

©️ Wikipedia

09/11/2024

𝙀𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙣𝙚𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙠𝙣𝙤𝙬 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙪𝙩 5𝙂.

𝙌: 𝙒𝙝𝙤 𝙞𝙣𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙙 5𝙂?
𝙌: 𝙒𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙡𝙮𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙚𝙘𝙝𝙣𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙢𝙖𝙠𝙚 𝙪𝙥 5𝙂?

Questions:
What is 5G?
How’s 5G Different?
5G Economic Impact?
Where’s 5G being used?
How fast is 5G?
Is 5G available now?
Do I need a 5G phone?

Answers: in following (find link for more) : 5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices.
5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new industries.

https://www.qualcomm.com/5g/what-is-5g #:~:text=5G%20wireless%20technology%20is%20meant,experiences%20and%20connects%20new%20industries.

09/11/2024

𝟱𝗚 𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗽 𝗯𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝗴𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗵 𝗯𝘆 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗯𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗶𝗴𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗽𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and views of The Business Standard

©️
https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/5g-can-help-bridge-digital-divide-bangladesh-providing-broader-coverage-and-bringing

09/11/2024

𝐇𝐎𝐖 𝐖𝐄 𝐃𝐎 𝐈𝐓 : 𝐎𝐏𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐅𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑 𝐔𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆 (𝐇𝐃𝐃, 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐍 𝐂𝐔𝐓 & 𝐄𝐓𝐂)

To develop our network we follow step by step process to keep our quality and standard of work. All works are properly QC by our expert engineers and we deliver our client quality service with updated devices from Brand Vendors.

To establish an underground backbone network we go through the following steps:

1. Route Survey and design
2. Preparation of BOQ
3. RoW Permissions
4. Trenching, ducting and backfilling
5. Aerial Cabling
6. Supply of Materials
7. Horizontal Directional Drilling
8. Cable blowing / pulling
9. Duct integrity test
10. Optical Fiber Cable blowing
11. Fusion Splicing
12. Fiber Termination
13. End to End Link Testing

Access Network Development

1. Survey and Digitized Maps For Proposed Routes
2. Route Survey
3. RoW Permissions
4. Trenching, ducting and backfilling
5. Cable pulling / blowing
6. Splicing
7. Aerial Cabling
8. Distribution Box Installation
9. Cable Testing

Route Survey & Design
The entire route is surveyed for laying of Optical Fiber Cables for the following inputs:

1. RoW demarcation
2. Soil strata
3. Existing Underground utilities
4. Road / Rail / Bridge / River / Canal Crossings
5. BOQ Estimation
6. Any other critical items

On the basis of survey details an estimated BOQ is prepared and submitted to get the approval from the Customer.

Supply of Materials
We supply the following material required for construction of Backbone Network.

1. HDPE Ducts
2. Optical Fiber Cable
3. Fiber Joint Closures
4. Pre cast Chambers
5. Route Markers etc.

Right of Way Permissions

A Single Line Diagram is made, to determine jurisdictions for the statutory permissions such as
1. Roads and Highways
2. Railway Department
3. Roads & Buildings Department
4. Municipal corporations
5. Irrigation department
6. National highway Authorities etc.
7. Cantonments

Applications are submitted on behalf of the client, to each of the departments involved, and necessary permissions obtained after making payments as applicable (by the client)

Trenching, ducting and backfilling

Excavation of Trenches Standard depth of trench will be as per specifications, outside the city limits trench will normally follow boundary of roadside land. However, where road side land is full of borrow pits or forestation, or when cable is to be laid along Culverts/bridges or cross-streams, trench may be made closer to the road edge or in some cases, over the embankment or shoulder of the road.

Line up of trench would be such that the HDPE duct(s) will be laid in a straight line, both laterally as well as vertically except at locations where it has to necessarily take a bend because of change in alignment or gradient of the trench. Minimum radius of two meters will be maintained, where bends are necessitated.

Duct Laying

Ducts will be laid in a flat bottom trench, free from stones, and sharp edged debris. The duct would be placed in trench as straight as possible, however at bends horizontal and vertical minimum bending radius for duct would be maintained as per advised specifications.

Ducts will be laid preferably using dispenser designed for it. Our supervisor will ensure that Duct laid is free from twist and collapsed portion of Ducts. Any such portion will be rectified before backfilling by using couplers. Ends of ducts will always be closed with END PLUGS to avoid ingress of mud, water or dust. We ensure HDPE ducts are clear of sand, dust or any other particles, which would cause obstruction in lying of cable. Prior to aligning the ducts for jointing, each length of the HDPE ducts will be thoroughly cleaned to remove all sand, dust or any other debris that may clog, disturb or damage the optical fiber cable when it is pulled or blown at a later stage.

The ducts will be joined with couplers using duct cutter & other tools and will be tightened and secured properly. The duct joint will be practically airtight to ensure smooth cable blowing using cable blowing machines.

Laying of Gl and / or RCC pipes as additional protection for the HDPE ducts at rail / road crossings, built-up area/city limits, on culverts and bridges will be done as required. Chambering or concreting around RCC/ Gl pipes as additional protection on bridges, culverts and also on stretches wherever depth of excavation is less than specified will be done. Reinstatement of excavated trench will be done with proper compaction.

Crowning When backfilling has been done up to ground level a hump of soil is made to cater for soil settlement. Entire excavated soil will be used for back filling. Crowning will be confined over width of trench only.

Duct Integrity Test

After backfilling ducts shall be tested for integrity (air tightness and kink-free shape). Air tightness test is done by pressurizing 2 km duct stretches at a time. One end of duct will be closed and compressed air at 5-6kg/cm2 is sent from the other end. At about 5kg/cm2 pressure the inlet of compressed air will be closed. Fall in pressure should not be more than 50% in 1(one) hour.

To check that duct has not collapsed or kinked a wooden cylindrical piece (shuttle) is blown into the duct with far end fitted with Flexible wire grip/stocking. The wooden shuttle should pass through duct at far end without any obstruction and within approx. 10 minutes or less.

Fiber Termination All fibers of OF cables will be terminated on Fiber Management System (FMS) at each regenerator (REG) or ADM (add drop multiplexer) location.

Installation of FMS is done according to the manufacturer's specification. End to End testing can be carried out from the FMS to FMS using the connectors who are mounted on the FMS.

Survey and Digitized Maps

The survey digitized maps will have the following information:
1. Relative position of proposed OFC route with respect to existing cables.
2. Marking of Rocky, Submerged and Normal soil terrain.
3. Marking of Crossing locations and type of proposed crossing detail viz.
4. HDD, Open cut, and Boring etc.
5. Marking of offset availability.
6. Geographical co-ordinates for all crossing HDPE duct coupling and OFC jointing locations.
7. Assessment of required materials.
8. Identifying Critical points.
9. Demarcation of RoW.

Cable Testing

The Cable will be tested before pulling/blowing to ensure continuity also to evaluate the losses if any.
Aerial Cabling At places where open trenching is not possible due to very narrow roads and due to delay in obtaining Row, this method will be adopted as a temporary solution. Also by using special cables (ADSS) this will be laid along the Transmission lines for longer distances.
Distribution Boxes The distribution boxes will be positioned at every location where a main cable will be distributed to sub - areas with lesser pair cables.
Cable blowing Cable blowing machine (Cable jet or any other machine) would be deployed along with a good compressor.

Cable drum will be loaded on payoff stand & unwound from topside of the drum. Pay off stand would be placed properly so that it does not collapsed while dispensing OFC.

Fusion Splicing

Splicing is done using a good quality splicing machine. Splice loss per joint will be minimum and would not be more than 0.07 dB. In no case average splice loss per link will be more than 0.06 dB x No. of splices. At least 0.6 M to 0.8 M fiber would be stored in cable tray. Fiber would be neatly coiled without kinks. Minimum bending radius of 80mm would be ensured, Joint closure would be sealed properly before it is taken out of the controlled environment free from dust particles and air-conditioned splicing van.

End to End Link Testing

Link Test is carried out on entire section terminated at both ends after completion of tasks to ensure the losses are within permissible limits on all fibers.

Horizontal Directional Drilling

This technique is adopted wherever open trenching cannot be made due to congestion.

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