ThermoMechano

13/08/2023

Thermal Power Plant ✅✅

28/07/2023

Piping ✅

27/07/2023

What’s the difference between two-phase and three-phase separators?

Separators are essential equipment of oil and gas production process. Separators divided into two-types, two-phase and three-phase.

The main difference between two-phase and three-phase separators is their function to separate coming fluids and/or gases into two and/or three phases, which is possible by internals, installed inside of the separator vessel.

Two-phase separator (2 separator) is designed as either horizontal or vertical pressure vessels. Two-phase (gas-liquid) separators separate well fluid into its liquid or gaseous components.There are many other types of two-phase separators used for various oil and gas processing facilities and chemical plants.

Horizontal/vertical two-phase separator consists of inlet diverter and mist extractor, and there is only one level controller and level control valve. While in three-phase separator, there are additional internals, nozzle, and level control valve.

Three-phase separator(3P separator), as two-phase separators, is designed as either horizontal or vertical pressure vessels, used to separate coming gaseous and liquid substances into three phases. In oil & gas production, usually coming gas-liquid substances are separated into gas, oil and water.

Three-separator is similar tothe two-phase separator except that it has an additional baffles and level controllers, one to drain water, another is to drain oil.

Type and structure of each separator is selected by the engineering or fabrication companies who is responsible for the oil and gas treatment. There are many names of naming the separators, such as, inlet separator, outlet separator, knockout drum, scrubbers, test separators, production and etc. However, all separators have two factors in common, one is phase, second is structure, either vertical or horizontal

27/07/2023

HEAT EXCHANGER TYPES & APPLICATIONS

A heat exchanger allows the heat from a fluid (liquid or gas) to pass through a second fluid without the two ever coming into direct contact with each other.

For example, a heating furnace burns natural gas that is carried over water by pipes. If the gas and the water came into direct contact, the heat exchange would stop and the water would never warm up.

Even though all heat exchangers perform the same function, there are different types that have varied applications. Learning about these different heat exchangers will help you determine what the right equipment is for your business.

Let’s take a look at the 4 types of heat exchangers and their applications below:

1. Double Tube Heat Exchangers:

Double tube heat exchangers use what is known as a tube within a tube structure. There are two pipes where one is built inside the other. Just like the example above, one fluid flows through the inner pipe while the second fluid flows around the first fluid in the outer pipe.

This type of heat exchanger is known for being the most basic and affordable of all. Its size makes it ideal for tight spaces, allowing for some extra flexibility in the layout of the manufacturing process.

2. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers:

Out of all the types of heat exchangers, shell and tube heat exchangers are the most versatile. A shell and tube heat exchanger is designed with a number of tubes placed inside a cylindrical shell.

The popular design of this type of heat exchanger allows for a wide range of pressures and temperatures. If you need to cool or heat a large amount of fluids or gases, the application of the shell and tube heat exchanger is an option to consider.
While smaller in size compared to some of the other types, a shell and tube heat exchanger can be easily broken-down, making cleaning and repairs easy.

3. Tube in Tube Heat Exchangers:

Similar to the other types of heat exchangers, a tube in tube heat exchanger is comprised of t

19/07/2023

19/07/2023

What are the Differential Pressure Flow meters?

Differential Pressure Flow meters

Or***ce Flowmeters

Or***ce Flowmeters : flat metal plate with an opening in the plate, installed perpendicular to the flowing stream in a circular pipe.

As the flowing fluid passes through the or***ce, the restriction causes an increase in velocity and decrease in pressure. A differential pressure transmitter is used to measure pressure between the or***ce and the pipe flow stream.

There is always a permanent pressure loss. No dirty liquids allowed. Or***ce differential pressure flowmeters can be constructed to measure gas, liquid or steam.

Or***ce plates are primary flow elements which measure flow as a function of differential pressure

Venturi Flowmeters

Venturi Flowmeters: a restriction with a relatively long passage having a smooth entry and exit. A venturi produces less permanent pressure loss than an or***ce but is more expensive.

They are often used in dirty streams because there is no build-up of the foreign material. Venturi flow meters can be constructed to be either gas flowmeters or liquid flow meters.

Nozzle Flowmeters
Nozzle Flowmeters: smooth entry and sharp exit. Permanent pressure loss is on the same level as an or***ce, with the added ability to handle dirty and abrasive fluids.

A differential pressure transmitter is used to measure pressure between the nozzle and the pipe flow stream. This type of differential pressure flowmeter technology can be constructed to measure either gas or liquids.

Pitot tube Flowmeters

Pitot-static tube Flowmeters: a device consisting of a Pitot tube and an annular tube combined with static pressure ports. The differential pressure between the two ports is the velocity head.

A differential pressure transmitter is used to measure pressure differential between the two ports. This indication of velocity combined with the cross-sectional area of the pipe provides an indication of flow rate. Pitot tube flow meters, can measure eit

19/07/2023

KEROSENE 🛢⛽✈️

Kerosene, also spelled kerosine, also called paraffin or paraffin oil, flammable hydrocarbon liquid commonly used as a fuel. Kerosene is typically pale yellow or colourless and has a not-unpleasant characteristic odour. It is obtained from petroleum and is used for burning in kerosene lamps and domestic heaters or furnaces, as a fuel or fuel component for jet engines, and as a solvent for Grease sur and insecticides.

Chemically, kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The chemical composition depends on its source, but it usually consists of about 10 different hydrocarbons, each containing 10 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule. The main constituents are saturated straight-chain and branched-chain paraffins, as well as ring-shaped cycloparaffins (also known as naphthenes). Kerosene is less volatile than gasoline. Its flash point (the temperature at which it will generate a flammable vapour near its surface) is 38 °C (100 °F) or higher, whereas that of gasoline is as low as −40 °C (−40 °F). This property makes kerosene a relatively safe fuel to store and handle.

With a boiling point between about 150 and 300 °C (300–575 °F), kerosene is considered to be one of the so-called middle distillates of crude oil, along with diesel fuel. It can be produced as “straight-run kerosene,” separated physically from the other crude oil fractions by distillation, or it can be produced as “cracked kerosene,” by chemically decomposing, or cracking, heavier portions of the oil at elevated temperatures.

08/07/2023

AMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL 🌡⛽🏭

Crude oil is first preheated through preheat exchanger train & obtained from the desalter at the temperature of 150 °C–160 °C is further heated by preheaters & then by a tube-still heater to a temperature of 350 °C–375 °C. The hot crude oil is then passed into a distillation column that allows the separation of the crude oil into different fractions depending on the difference in volatility. The pressure at the top is maintained at 1.2–1.5 atm so that the distillation can be carried out at close to atmospheric pressure, and therefore it is known as an atmospheric distillation column.

The v***rs from the top of the column are a mixture of hydrocarbon gases and naphtha, at a temperature of 120 °C–130 °C. The v***r stream associated with steam used at bottom of the column is condensed by the Air & water coolers and the liquid collected in a vessel is known as the reflux drum or accumulator which is present at the top of the column. Some part of the liquid is returned to the top plate of the column as overhead reflux, and the remaining liquid separates from gases known as full-range naphtha, naphtha product 90% ASTM D86 is normally 130-135 °C which includes both light & heavy Naphtha. A few plates below the top plate, the kerosene is obtained as a product at a temperature of 190 °C–200 °C. Part of this fraction is returned to the column after it is cooled by Heat exchangers. This cooled liquid is known as circulating reflux, and it is important to control the heat load in the column. There may be more than 2 circulating refluxes depends upon the column configurations. sometimes cracked naphtha produced from different units also used as reflux in the column. Next, the fraction is passed through a side stripper that uses steam to separate kerosene. The kerosene obtained is cooled and collected in a storage tank as raw kerosene, known as straight run kerosene that boils at a range of 140 °C–270 °C. A few plates below the kerosen

06/07/2023

OFFSHORE PLATFORMS 🛢⛽🏭

An oil platform is a large structure used to drill and produce oil and/or natural gas from the seas or oceans. Depending on the circumstances, the platform may be floating or an artificial island or attached to the ocean floor. A typical platform may have around thirty well heads located on the platform and directional drilling allows reservoirs to be accessed at both different depths and at remote positions up to 8 kilometres from the platform.

The world s largest oil platform is called Hibernia. Many platforms also have remote well heads attached by umbilical connections, these may be single wells or a manifold centre for multiple wells.
Platform types
Larger lake and sea-based oil platforms and oil rigs are some of the largest moveable man-made structures in the world. There are several distinct types of platforms and rigs:

1.Fixed Platforms, built on concrete and/or steel legs anchored directly onto the seabed, supporting a deck with space for drilling rigs, production facilities and crew quarters. Such platforms are, by virtue of their immobility, designed for very long term use (for instance the Hiberniaplat form). Various types of structure are used, steel jacket, concrete caisson, floating steel and even floating concrete. Steel jackets are vertical sections made of tubular steel members, and are usually piled into the seabed. Concrete caisson structures, pioneered by the Condeep concept, often have in-built oil storage in tanks below the sea surface and these tanks were often used as a flotation capability, allowing them to be built close to shore (Norwegian fjords and Scottish firths are popular because they are sheltered and deep enough) and then floated to their final position where they are sunk to the seabed. Fixed platforms are economically feasible for installation in water depths up to about 1,700 feet.

2. Compliant Towers platforms, consist of narrow, flexible towers and a piled foundation supporting a conventional deck

06/07/2023

Flow_Concept ✅

02/12/2022

Crude Oil Distillation ✅