CHSOS - Cultural Heritage Science Open Source

CHSOS - Cultural Heritage Science Open Source CHSOS promotes practical methods for the technical examination of Art and Archaeology.

04/09/2026

Bronzital & XRF: What’s in a Coin?
https://chsopensource.org/lessons/29-copper-bronzital-cualni/

In this lesson, we explore Bronzital, an Italian copper-based alloy used in coinage from 1926 onward. By examining 20 lire and 200 lire coins, we learn how XRF spectra reveal copper and nickel—and why detecting aluminum can be challenging with standard XRF configurations.

Numismatics ConservationScience

Bronzital & XRF: What’s in a Coin?https://chsopensource.org/lessons/29-copper-bronzital-cualni/In this lesson, we explor...
04/09/2026

Bronzital & XRF: What’s in a Coin?
https://chsopensource.org/lessons/29-copper-bronzital-cualni/

In this lesson, we explore Bronzital, an Italian copper-based alloy used in coinage from 1926 onward. By examining 20 lire and 200 lire coins, we learn how XRF spectra reveal copper and nickel—and why detecting aluminum can be challenging with standard XRF configurations.

Numismatics ConservationScience

03/09/2026

Silver (Ag): from Roman Denarii to modern Italian coinage
Explore the lesson: https://chsopensource.org/lessons/47-silver-ag/
Silver has played a fundamental role in coinage for centuries, but pure silver is too soft for practical use. This is why it has traditionally been alloyed with metals such as copper.

In this lesson, XRF spectroscopy is used to investigate silver alloys, from 925 and 835 silver standards to historical coins, including a Roman Denarius and a 12th-century Medieval Denier from Lucca.

By comparing their XRF spectra, we can identify differences in silver and copper content and detect other elements, such as lead, providing valuable insights into the composition and production history of historical coins.

Coins Numismatics ConservationScience AnalyticalScience Archaeology

Silver (Ag): from Roman Denarii to modern Italian coinageExplore the lesson: https://chsopensource.org/lessons/47-silver...
03/09/2026

Silver (Ag): from Roman Denarii to modern Italian coinage
Explore the lesson: https://chsopensource.org/lessons/47-silver-ag/
Silver has played a fundamental role in coinage for centuries, but pure silver is too soft for practical use. This is why it has traditionally been alloyed with metals such as copper.

In this lesson, XRF spectroscopy is used to investigate silver alloys, from 925 and 835 silver standards to historical coins, including a Roman Denarius and a 12th-century Medieval Denier from Lucca.

By comparing their XRF spectra, we can identify differences in silver and copper content and detect other elements, such as lead, providing valuable insights into the composition and production history of historical coins.

Coins Numismatics ConservationScience AnalyticalScience Archaeology

03/09/2026

Silver (Ag): from Roman Denarii to modern Italian coinage
Explore the lesson: https://chsopensource.org/lessons/47-silver-ag/
Silver has played a fundamental role in coinage for centuries, but pure silver is too soft for practical use. This is why it has traditionally been alloyed with metals such as copper.

In this lesson, XRF spectroscopy is used to investigate silver alloys, from 925 and 835 silver standards to historical coins, including a Roman Denarius and a 12th-century Medieval Denier from Lucca.

By comparing their XRF spectra, we can identify differences in silver and copper content and detect other elements, such as lead, providing valuable insights into the composition and production history of historical coins.

Silver (Ag): from Roman Denarii to modern Italian coinageExplore the lesson: https://chsopensource.org/lessons/47-silver...
03/09/2026

Silver (Ag): from Roman Denarii to modern Italian coinage
Explore the lesson: https://chsopensource.org/lessons/47-silver-ag/
Silver has played a fundamental role in coinage for centuries, but pure silver is too soft for practical use. This is why it has traditionally been alloyed with metals such as copper.

In this lesson, XRF spectroscopy is used to investigate silver alloys, from 925 and 835 silver standards to historical coins, including a Roman Denarius and a 12th-century Medieval Denier from Lucca.

By comparing their XRF spectra, we can identify differences in silver and copper content and detect other elements, such as lead, providing valuable insights into the composition and production history of historical coins.

02/09/2026

When a “copper” coin isn’t actually copper…

What can XRF spectroscopy reveal about the metals hidden beneath a familiar surface?
https://chsopensource.org/lessons/zinc-copper-alloy/

In this lesson we examine the zinc–copper composition of modern U.S. one-cent coins and discover how plating can dramatically affect XRF results.

🪙 Compare pre- and post-1982 pennies
- Identify copper and zinc through XRF spectra
- Abrade the surface to reveal the zinc-rich core
- Understand the difference between a true alloy and a plated metal

Archaeometry Metallurgy Coins CulturalHeritage

When a “copper” coin isn’t actually copper…What can XRF spectroscopy reveal about the metals hidden beneath a familiar s...
02/09/2026

When a “copper” coin isn’t actually copper…

What can XRF spectroscopy reveal about the metals hidden beneath a familiar surface?
https://chsopensource.org/lessons/zinc-copper-alloy/

In this lesson we examine the zinc–copper composition of modern U.S. one-cent coins and discover how plating can dramatically affect XRF results.

🪙 Compare pre- and post-1982 pennies
- Identify copper and zinc through XRF spectra
- Abrade the surface to reveal the zinc-rich core
- Understand the difference between a true alloy and a plated metal

Archaeometry Metallurgy Coins CulturalHeritage

02/09/2026

When a “copper” coin isn’t actually copper…

What can XRF spectroscopy reveal about the metals hidden beneath a familiar surface?
https://chsopensource.org/lessons/zinc-copper-alloy/

In this lesson we examine the zinc–copper composition of modern U.S. one-cent coins and discover how plating can dramatically affect XRF results.

🪙 Compare pre- and post-1982 pennies
- Identify copper and zinc through XRF spectra
- Abrade the surface to reveal the zinc-rich core
- Understand the difference between a true alloy and a plated metal

When a “copper” coin isn’t actually copper…What can XRF spectroscopy reveal about the metals hidden beneath a familiar s...
02/09/2026

When a “copper” coin isn’t actually copper…

What can XRF spectroscopy reveal about the metals hidden beneath a familiar surface?
https://chsopensource.org/lessons/zinc-copper-alloy/

In this lesson we examine the zinc–copper composition of modern U.S. one-cent coins and discover how plating can dramatically affect XRF results.

🪙 Compare pre- and post-1982 pennies
- Identify copper and zinc through XRF spectra
- Abrade the surface to reveal the zinc-rich core
- Understand the difference between a true alloy and a plated metal

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