Biotechnologist

25/04/2026

A Surprising Discovery: Proteins Can Mediate DNA Synthesis in Bacteria

✨ BREAKING THE DOGMA ✨

✨The Central Dogma of molecular biology explains how information flows in cells:

DNA → RNA → Protein

✨For decades, this was considered a one-way process.

✨Recent research has revealed a surprising mechanism in bacteria (E. coli) called the DRT3 system, where a protein (Drt3b) can synthesize DNA without using a DNA or RNA template. Instead of copying genetic information, the protein initiates and structurally controls how DNA is formed, producing a defined repetitive sequence.

✨This discovery expands our understanding of molecular biology and suggests new ways bacteria may respond to viral infections (bacteriophages).

✨ CRISPR ✨

👉Bacteria already use CRISPR as a defense system to protect themselves from viruses. It works by storing fragments of viral DNA and using them to recognize and cut invading viruses.

👉 The DRT3 system highlights that bacteria possess multiple advanced defense strategies, beyond CRISPR.

✨ Why This Matters

🔹 Opens new directions for research in DNA synthesis and molecular biology

🔹 Suggests that our understanding of life’s basic processes is still incomplete

🔹 Provides potential tools for biotechnology and synthetic biology

🔹 Reveals how microbes continue to surprise us with unexpected mechanisms

✨ A reminder that what we know about life is still only a small part of a much larger picture✨













EnteMicrobialWorld 🔬

25/04/2026

From genes to function
Functional genomics reveals how genes are expressed and how they shape traits—connecting DNA to real biological action.

25/04/2026

19/01/2022

Schematic representation of the mechanism of action of proteolysis-targeted chimera (PROTAC) molecules. The PROTAC molecule (enlarged in the circle) is a heterobifunctional molecule bridging a ubiquitin ligase (in blue) and a target protein (in green). As a first step, PROTACs induce the proximity of the ligase and the substrate, such that ubiquitin (in pink) will be conjugated to the recruited substrate by the activity of the ligase. This is a catalytic step that a single PROTAC molecule can perform iteratively, enabling multiple turnover of ubiquitylation reactions, resulting in formation of ubiquitin chains on a substrate. Ubiquitin chains are then recognized by the proteasome (in red), shuttling the ubiquitylated substrate through its proteolytic chamber and degrading the target protein into small peptides (in green). Figure reproduced with permission from Arvinas, Inc.

17/07/2017

12/11/2016

TRANSCRIPTION Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript.

Transcription proceeds in the following general steps:

RNA polymerase, together with one or more general transcription factors, binds to promoter DNA.
RNA polymerase creates a transcription bubble, which separates the two strands of the DNA helix. This is done by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA nucleotides.
RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides (which are complementary to the nucleotides of one DNA strand).
RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms with assistance from RNA polymerase to form an RNA strand.
Hydrogen bonds of the RNA–DNA helix break, freeing the newly synthesized RNA strand.
If the cell has a nucleus, the RNA may be further processed. This may include polyadenylation, capping, and splicing.
The RNA may remain in the nucleus or exit to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex.
The stretch of DNA transcribed into an RNA molecule is called a transcription unit and encodes at least one gene. If the gene encodes a protein, the transcription produces messenger RNA (mRNA); the mRNA in turn serves as a template for the protein's synthesis through translation. Alternatively, the transcribed gene may encode for either non-coding RNA (such as microRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), or other enzymatic RNA molecules called ribozymes.[1] Overall, RNA helps synthesize, regulate, and process proteins; it therefore plays a fundamental role in performing functions within a cell.

In virology, the term may also be used when referring to mRNA synthesis from an RNA molecule (i.e., RNA replication). For instance, the genome of a negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA -) virus may be template for a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA +). This is because the positive-sense strand contains the information needed to translate the viral proteins for viral replication afterwards. This process is catalyzed by a viral RNA replicaseu

12/11/2016

MUTATION
the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.

12/11/2016

what is mutation? guiz

03/11/2016

H5N1 virus is an avian flu virus that is causing infection to both poultry as well as humans. Like all other flu’s H5N1 doesn’t spread among humans, it will spread form birds to humans. It results in lethal cases among poultry. The symptoms in affected people are cold, fever, cough and diarrhea. If left untreated, it might lead to pneumonia, Seizures, etc.