09/15/2026
That yellow-going-orange cloud hanging over the shot has a name and a cause.
The name is nitrogen oxide. The cause, about 99% of the time, is water.
Standard ANFO burns around 12,000 to 16,000 fps. When water gets into it, in the hole or back in storage, it fires at low order instead. The explosive begins to break down, and instead of releasing nitrogen the way it's supposed to, it puts out NOx.
Standing in that cloud can kill you. And on some shots it can get large enough to drift toward somebody's house, which stops being an environmental complaint and starts being a serious incident.
The fix isn't complicated. It's a decision you make hole by hole.
If it's wet, or it might get wet, line it. If you can't dewater, load emulsion, it's waterproof by design. If you're able, dewater, line it, and load ANFO, which is still the cheapest bulk going in the ground. Pick the liner by hole diameter and depth.
Australia's fume regulations are stricter than ours, and almost every Australian coal mine lines holes to stay in compliance. There's a reason for that.
Full field guide: https://www.shop.mtigroup.us/blogs/articles/fume-why-the-cloud-turns-orange?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=2026-09-fume